The in vitro assessment of rheological properties and dentin remineralization of saliva substitutes containing propolis and aloe vera extracts

Abstract

In this work, we report a new phenomenon in electrochemical systems whereby uniform current steps of 1 mA per 0.5 ? 0.5 ? 0.1 cm3 (width ? width ? depth) of electrode volume occurred during the electrodeposition of gold and silver nanoparticles onto 3D microporous graphene on nickel layers (GF/Ni) at room temperature. The effect was exhibited only at specific applied electrical potentials. The experiments (magnetic interference, temperature dependence, and surface area dependence) were repeated, and the results were reproducible. Finally, we proposed classical electrochemical theory using the Butler-Volmer equation and quantum theory using the Landauer formalism to describe this new effect. Both theories could be used to explain the experimental results: temperature dependence, surface area dependence, blocking effects, and external magnetic field dependence. In addition, the stepwise current presented in this work facilitates the trapping and supplying of a large amount of electric charge via an inherent magnetic field in a sharp time step (?1 s). A video clip of the recorded effect can be found at https://youtu.be/pPJh45w1sUQ. ? 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.