Sterilization Effects on Liposomes with Varying Lipid Chains

Abstract

Liposomes, nanoscale vesicles with distinct structural and functional properties, are widely utilized in drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and ability to encapsulate diverse therapeutic agents. Effective sterilization is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of liposomal formulations in biomedical applications, yet its impact on liposome integrity and functionality remains inadequately studied. This work systematically evaluates the effects of three sterilization methods: autoclaving, UV radiation, and filtration—on liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), two phospholipids differing in lipid chain length. Sterilization altered liposome properties in a lipid chain length-dependent manner, affecting particle size, zeta potential, and phospholipid content. Filtration caused significant hydrocarbon loss, confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, and led to a higher reduction in phospholipid content in DPPC liposomes compared to DSPC liposomes. Biological evaluations showed that autoclaved and UV-irradiated DPPC liposomes exhibited higher cytotoxic and lower stability than their DSPC counterparts. While autoclaving and UV irradiation resulted in minimal chemical alterations, both methods significantly influenced biological properties. Filtration, although less disruptive to biocompatibility, also reduced key liposomal integrity and efficacy. This study underscores the critical importance of post-sterilization evaluation to optimize liposomal formulations for clinical and biomedical use. © 2025 by the authors.